The multi-part identifier could not be bound

You are mixing implicit joins with explicit joins. That is allowed, but you need to be aware of how to do that properly.
The thing is, explicit joins (the ones that are implemented using the JOIN keyword) take precedence over implicit ones (the ‘comma’ joins, where the join condition is specified in the WHERE clause).
Here’s an outline of your query:
SELECT
…
FROM a, b LEFT JOIN dkcd ON …
WHERE …

You are probably expecting it to behave like this:
SELECT
…
FROM (a, b) LEFT JOIN dkcd ON …
WHERE …

that is, the combination of tables a and b is joined with the table dkcd. In fact, what’s happening is
SELECT
…
FROM a, (b LEFT JOIN dkcd ON …)
WHERE …

that is, as you may already have understood, dkcd is joined specifically against b and only b, then the result of the join is combined with a and filtered further with the WHERE clause. In this case, any reference to a in the ON clause is invalid, a is unknown at that point. That is why you are getting the error message.
If I were you, I would probably try to rewrite this query, and one possible solution might be:
SELECT DISTINCT
a.maxa,
b.mahuyen,
a.tenxa,
b.tenhuyen,
ISNULL(dkcd.tong, 0) AS tongdkcd
FROM phuongxa a
INNER JOIN quanhuyen b ON LEFT(a.maxa, 2) = b.mahuyen
LEFT OUTER JOIN (
SELECT
maxa,
COUNT(*) AS tong
FROM khaosat
WHERE CONVERT(datetime, ngaylap, 103) BETWEEN ‘Sep 1 2011’ AND ‘Sep 5 2011’
GROUP BY maxa
) AS dkcd ON dkcd.maxa = a.maxa
WHERE a.maxa <> ’99’
ORDER BY a.maxa

Here the tables a and b are joined first, then the result is joined to dkcd. Basically, this is the same query as yours, only using a different syntax for one of the joins, which makes a great difference: the reference a.maxa in the dkcd’s join condition is now absolutely valid.
As @Aaron Bertrand has correctly noted, you should probably qualify maxa with a specific alias, probably a, in the ORDER BY clause.

Sometimes this error occurs when you use your schema (dbo) in your query in a wrong way.
for example if you write:
select dbo.prd.name
from dbo.product prd

you will get the error.
In this situations change it to:
select prd.name
from dbo.product prd