If I read the specification correctly, no.
You can match on an element, the name of an attribute in the element, and the value of a named attribute in an element. I don’t see anything for matching content within an element, though.
Looks like they were thinking about it for the CSS3 spec but it didn’t make the cut.
:contains() CSS3 selector http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#content-selectors